специальные операторы для поиска на гугле

Crafting Your Query by using Special Characters

By using special characters and operators, such as +, -, ~, .., *, OR, and quotation marks, you can fine-tune your search query and increase the accuracy of its results.


To search for a phrase, a proper name, or a set of words in a specific order, put them in double quotes.


A query with terms in quotes finds pages containing the exact quoted phrase. For example, [ "Larry Page" ] finds pages containing exactly the phrase "Larry Page." So this query would find pages mentioning Google's co-founder Larry Page, but not pages containing "Larry has a home page" or "Congressional page Larry Smith." The query [ Larry Page ] (without quotes) would find pages containing any of "Larry Page," "Larry has a home page," or "Congressional page Larry Smith."

[ "Larry Page" ]
[ Larry Page ]

A quoted phrase is the most widely used type of special search syntax.

[ "close your eyes and I'll kiss you" ]
[ "what you're looking for is already inside you" Anne Lamott speech ]

Use quotes to enter proper names.

[ "Julia Robinson" ]
[ "Rio de Janeiro" ]

Find recommendations by searching for pages containing lists.

[ "favorite movies" ]
[ "best non-fiction books" ]


Google will search for common words (stop words) included in quotes, which it would otherwise ignore.

USE [ "to be or not to be" ]
NOT [ to be or not to be ]

USE [ "how to change oil" ]
NOT [ how to change oil ]

Google doesn't perform automatic stemming on phrases, i.e., searching for pages that match variants of any of your search terms, which I described in the previous section Interpret Your Query. For example, if you want to see pages that mention only one favorite book rather than lists of favorite books, enclose your search terms in quotes.

[ "favorite book" ]

Some teachers use quoted phrases to detect plagiarism. They copy a few unique and specific phrases into the Google search box, surround them with quotes, and see if any results are too similar to their student's supposedly original work. Find ways to detect and prevent plagiarism.

[ "ways to detect plagiarism" ]
[ "how to detect plagiarism" ]


You may include more than one quoted string in a query. All quoted query phrases must appear on a result page; the implied AND works on both individual words and quoted phrases.

[ "The Cat in the Hat" "Green Eggs and Ham" ]


Note: You'll learn how to find a page by specifying its title in the section Using Search Operators.


Force Google to include a term by preceding the term with a "+" sign.

To force Google to search for a particular term, put a + sign operator in front of the word in the query. Note that you should not put a space between the + and the word, i.e. [ +The Beatles ], not [ + The Beatles ].

The + operator is typically used in front of stop words that Google would otherwise ignore or when you want Google to return only those pages that match your search terms exactly. However, the + operator can be used on any term.

Want to learn about Star Wars Episode One? "I" is a stop word and is not included in a search unless you precede it with a + sign.

USE [ Star Wars +I ]
NOT [ Star Wars I ]

Google excludes common words in English and in other languages, such as "la" (which means "the" in Spanish) and "de" (which means "of" in French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese). So if Google ignores a term critical to your search, e.g., LA (common abbreviation for Los Angeles), put a + sign in front of it.

USE [ jobs in central +LA California ]
NOT [ jobs in central LA California ]

The query [ jobs in central LA California ] finds jobs in central California, since the term "LA" is ignored because it's a stop word. Central California is at least a hundred miles (160 km) from central Los Angeles.

Disable automatic stemming, i.e., searching for pages that match variants of your search term(s), by preceding each term that you want to be matched exactly with the + operator. For example, if you want to see only pages mentioning one favorite book rather than lists of favorite books, precede the word "book" by a + sign.

[ favorite +book ]

What if you're looking for a string that contains a "+" sign? Though the character has special meaning, Google gives special attention to very common terms that include it, e.g., C++ (the name of a widely used computer language).

[ C++ ]


Precede each term you do not want to appear in any result with a "-" sign.


To find pages without a particular term, put a - sign operator in front of the word in the query. The - sign indicates that you want to subtract or exclude pages that contain a specific term. Do not put a space between the - and the word, i.e. [ dolphins -football ] not [ dolphins - football ].
So, to search for a twins support group in Minnesota, but not return pages relating to the Minnesota Twins baseball team:

USE [ twins support group Minnesota -baseball ]
NOT [ twins support group Minnesota ]

No pages containing the word "baseball" will be returned by the first query.

Find pages on "salsa" but not the dance nor dance classes.

USE [ salsa -dance -class ]
NOT [ salsa ]



Find synonyms by preceding the term with a ~, which is known as the tilde or synonym operator.

The tilde (~) operator takes the word immediately following it and searches both for that specific word and for the word's synonyms. It also searches for the term with alternative endings. The tilde operator works best when applied to general terms and terms with many synonyms. As with the + and - operators, put the ~ (tilde) next to the word, with no spaces between the ~ and its associated word, i.e., [ ~lightweight laptop ] not [ ~ lightweight laptop ].

Why did Google use tilde? In math, the "~" symbol means "is similar to ". The tilde tells Google to search for pages that are synonyms or similar to the term that follows.

[ ~inexpensive ] matches "inexpensive," "cheap," "affordable," and "low cost"
[ ~run ] matches "run," "runner's," "running," as well as "marathon"

Looking for a guide, help, tutorial, or tips on using Google?

[ google ~guide ]

Interested in food facts as well as nutrition and cooking information?

[ ~food ~facts ]

The synonym operator tends not to work well on well-defined terms.

[ ~cockroach ]

If you don't like the synonyms that Google suggests when you use the ~ operator, specify your own synonyms with the OR operator, which I describe next.

Note: Google offers a link to a dictionary and a thesaurus.

Specify synonyms or alternative forms with an uppercase OR or | (vertical bar).

The OR operator, which you may abbreviate with | (vertical bar), applies to the search terms immediately adjacent to it. The first example will find pages that include either "Tahiti" or "Hawaii" or both terms, but not pages that contain neither "Tahiti" nor "Hawaii."

[ Tahiti OR Hawaii ] or [ Tahiti | Hawaii ]
[ blouse OR shirt OR chemise ] or [ blouse | shirt | chemise ]


Note: If you write OR with a lowercase "o" or a lowercase "r," Google interprets the word as a search term instead of an operator.

Note: Unlike OR, a | (vertical bar) need not be surrounded by spaces.

[ bicycle|cycle ]

Use quotes (" ") to group compound words and phrases together.

[ "New Zealand" OR "Ivory Coast" holiday package ]
[ filter OR stop "junk email" OR spam ]

Google considers terms with accents different from those without. For example, Google interprets "côte" and "cote" as different terms and indexes them separately. To ensure that you retrieve many relevant pages, include all possible spellings separated by OR.

[ "Ivory Coast" OR "Côte d'Ivoire" OR "Cote d'Ivoire" ]


Specify that results contain numbers in a range by specifying two numbers, separated by two periods, with no spaces.

For example, specify that you are searching in the price range $250 to $1000 using the number range specification $250..$1000.

[ recumbant bicycle $250..$1000 ]

Use an *, known as a wildcard, to match any word in a phrase (enclosed in quotes).

Each * represents just one word. Google treats the * as a placeholder for a word. For example, [ "Google * my life" ] tells Google to find pages containing a phrase that starts with "Google" followed by a word, followed by "my life." Phrases that fit the bill include: "Google changed my life," "Google runs my life," and "Google is my life."

[ "Google * my life" ]

If you know there's a date on the page you're seeking but you don't know its format, specify several common formats. For example:

[ California election "Oct * 2003" OR "10/*/03" OR "October * 2003" ]

When you know only part of the phrase you wish to find, consider using the * operator. Find the title of Sherry Russell's book that can help you deal with the tragedies of 9/11 or losing a loved one.

[ "Conquering the * and * of Grief" ]

You can use the symbol * to search for terms that are a specified number of words from each other on any page (see below for examples specifying the number of words). This type of searching, known as proximity searching, is great when you know the start and end of a title or quote, but are unsure of the words in between. By trying each of these searches you will find the answer:

[ "Conquering the * Grief" ]
[ "Conquering the * * Grief" ]
[ "Conquering the * * * Grief" ]
[ "Conquering the * * * * Grief" ]
[ "Conquering the * * * * * Grief" ]
[ "Conquering the * * * * * * Grief" ]
[ "Conquering the * * * * * * * Grief" ]
[ "Conquering the * * * * * * * * Grief" ]

Proximity searching can be useful when you want to find pages that include someone's name in any of the following orders: first middle last, last first middle, first last, last first. To search for "Francis" adjacent or separated one word from "Coppola," requires four queries:

[ "Francis Coppola" ]
[ "Francis * Coppola" ]
[ "Coppola Francis" ]
[ "Coppola * Francis" ]


If you want to search for two terms separated by no more than two words, you'll need six queries. If you're interested in running proximity searches, try out GAPS, a third-party search tool available at http://www.staggernation.com/cgi-bin/gaps.cgi






Note: You can get around Google's 32-word limit on the number of words in your query by substituting an * in place of each stop word or common word in your query. Wildcards are not counted.

USE [ All grown-ups * once children--although few * them remember * ]
NOT [ All grown-ups were once children--although few of them remember it ]

Google chose the symbol * to match any word because in some computer systems, such as Unix, Linux, and DOS, * stands for one or more unspecified characters. In those languages it is typically used for selecting multiple files and directories.

Note: Stemming is a technique to search on the stem or root of a word that can have multiple endings. For example, on some search engines the query bicycl* will return results that match words including bicycle, bicycles, bicycling, bicycled, and bicyclists. Google ignores asterisks (*) that are not surrounded by spaces. The query [ bicycl* ] finds documents that contain "bicycl." Google automatically provides stemming.

This table summarizes how to use the basic search operators, described on this page. You may include any of these operators multiple times in a query.


Notation Find result Example
terms1 terms2 with both term1 and term2 [ carry-on luggage ]
term1 OR term2
term1 | term2 with either term1 or term2 or both [ Tahiti OR Hawaii ]
[ Tahiti | Hawaii ]
+term with term (The + operator is typically used in front of stop words that Google would otherwise ignore or when you want Google to return only pages that match your search terms exactly. However, the + operator can be used on any terms.) [ +i spy ]
-term without term [ twins minnesota -baseball ]
~term with term or one of its synonyms
(currently supported on Web and Directory search) [ google ~guide ]
number1..number2 with a number in the specified range
[ recumbant bicycle $250..$1000 ]
"phrase" with the exact phrase, a proper name, or a set of words in a specific order [ "I have a dream" ]
[ "Rio de Janeiro" ]
"terms1 * terms2" with the phrase (enclosed in quotes) and * replaced by any single word [ "Google * my life" ]

Queries that use Google's special notation may also be entered by using Google's Advanced Search, which we'll look at next.


Exercises
This problem set is designed to give you practice in refining your queries and in using Google's commands with special notation. For hints and answers to selected problems, see the Solutions page in the Appendix.

Find the Google "cheat sheet" that lists search operators and services.

How long before you go outside should you apply sunscreen?

Find advice on writing a will.

Search for your own name. Does Google find any references to you or a namesake?
See if there is any difference in your results if you type a period between your names rather than enclosing your name in quotes and if you just enter the opening quote, i.e., compare the results from [ Nancy.Blachman ], [ "Nancy Blachman" ], and [ "Nancy Blachman ].


Find pages on daily life in Afghanistan that do not mention war or the Taliban.

What is the history of the McIntosh Apple (the fruit), not the computer?

Find the terms that Google considers approximately equivalent to the term "cheap."

Find the terms that Google considers approximately equivalent to the term "volunteer."

Find today's weather forecast/condition.

Find recipes for zucchini, also known as courgette in the UK and France.

Find studio apartments for rent in Minneapolis or St. Paul, Minnesota.

Find Iranian restaurants in New Jersey and New York.

Which of the following phrases matches the query [ "Google * my life" ]?
"Google has enriched my life"
"Google changed my life"
"Google runs my life"
"Google has revolutionized my life"
"Google: I love my life"
"Google is my life"


I vaguely remember a song I learned as a child that contained the following verses.
The donuts in the army, they say are mighty fine. One rolled off the table and killed a friend of mine.

Chorus
Oh, I don't want no more of this army life.
Gee mom, I want to go. But they won't let me go.
Gee mom, I want to go home.

The nurses in the army, they say are mighty fine. Most are over 90, the rest are under 9.
Chorus
The coffee in the army, they say is mighty fine. Taste like muddy water and looks like iodine.
Chorus
The money in the army, they say is mighty fine. Give them $100 dollars, they'll give you back a dime.

Find other verses for this song and see how this song has been adapted by the Girl and Boy Scouts.

Note: The verses changed as they got passed around camps and schools.


Why does the query [ "the who" ] give more priority to results about the rock band The Who than the query [ the who ] but return significantly fewer results?

How do the results of the following two queries differ?
[ "how might I" ]
[ "how might I *" ]
[ "how might I *" ]?

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